INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH
After completing Chapter 1you should be able to:
1. Describe what research is and how it is defined.
2. Distinguish between applied and basic research, giving examples, and discussing why they would fall into one or the other of the two categories.
3. Explain why managers should know about research.
4. Discuss what managers should and should not do in order to interact most effectively with researchers.
5. Identify and fully discuss specific situations in which a manager would be better off using an internal research team, and when an external research team would be more advisable, giving reasons for the decisions.
6. Discuss what research means to you and describe how you, as manager , might apply the knowledge gained about research.
7. Be aware of the role of ethics in business research.
2. Distinguish between applied and basic research, giving examples, and discussing why they would fall into one or the other of the two categories.
3. Explain why managers should know about research.
4. Discuss what managers should and should not do in order to interact most effectively with researchers.
5. Identify and fully discuss specific situations in which a manager would be better off using an internal research team, and when an external research team would be more advisable, giving reasons for the decisions.
6. Discuss what research means to you and describe how you, as manager , might apply the knowledge gained about research.
7. Be aware of the role of ethics in business research.
On August 27, 2001, Chunk Orlando, CEO of a 14-year-old automobile company, was mentally assessing and pondering over the state of affairs in his organization. Of late, things had not been going well, and matters seemed to be getting out of hand. The market value of the shares of the company was down 72%, dropping from $60 per share to $16.75. Performance and productivity levels were on the decline and the quarterly loss of $206 million on sales of about 8 billion did not portend a bright future for the company. The advertising agency did not seem to be doing a good job either . To top it all, there was a lawsuit filed for discrimination against female employees in the company. Chuck felt he had to take a very active role in the running of the organization and make a 180 degree change from his hitherto hands-off policy.
Instead of ruminating on the past, Chuck wanted to focus on the present and plan for the future. Apart from the obvious changes like increasing the productivity of workers and getting a more effective advertising agency, Chuck felt that he needed to take stock of ―intangible assets such as patents, customer lists, brand value, intellectual knowledge of designers, and the like. These evaluations would give investors a sense of the value of the assets and whether resources were being effectively utilized. ―Unless the accounting process takes stock of these, capital cannot be allocated in a sensible way, analysts will not be able to evaluate the company, and investors will not understand the worth of the company, he said to himself.
There were several great ideas that came to Chuck‘s mind, such as assessing whether the current models of the vehicles manufactured appealed sufficiently to the trendy tastes of the increasing number of affluent buyers in the 25 to 40 age group. However , Chuck was baffled as to how to go about these enormous tasks. Several questions came to his mind and he posed the following important issues to himself: How does one increase efficiency and productivity? ―How does one account for intangible assets? Does anyone know at all? and How does one go about assessing advertising needs and effectiveness?
A major concern was to decide whether or not he should slash the advertising budget since the anticipated revenues were not forthcoming during this downturn. He remembered having read somewhere that those who did not burnish their brands through increased advertisement budgets might find themselves worth a lot less when the tough times end. IBM, for instance, was stated to have lost only 1% of brand value last year , compared to bigger declines at other hi-tech companies because IBM had increased its advertising budget. ―But from where would the advertising funds come? he wondered. Such thoughts very much taxed his mind.
Certainly, he said to himself, ―the company‘s problems are a function of industry trends, the economy, idle capacity, and the like. But there is much scope for improvement on various fronts, such as increasing gas mileage, which would find great favor with the government and customers, better designing and engineering, improved marketing, designing for the trendy mod group, as well as catering to clients in the lower economic strata, in addition to increasing the productivity of workers.
Then there were the ethical issues that disturbed Chuck. At the personal level, he wondered if he should give himself a raise in salary and other perks when the rest of the company employees had a freeze on their salaries. Did he deserve the compensation he would get when the company was on a downward spiral, at least for now? He also toyed with the idea that a token cut in his salary would serve as a morale booster to company employees.
He wanted answers to several of these issues, but did not know who would help him to find them. He knew that research in these areas would help, but did not know where to seek the necessary guidance. Also, how would he verbalize his various concerns and handle the researchers? He had broad visions for the future of his company, but was at a loss to know how to execute these plans.Just because one is able to design a rail system and make trains, it does not necessarily follow that one can make them run too, he thought to himself.
It is not infrequently that chief executives and managers at various levels in an organization find themselves facing such dilemmas. This book helps to find solutions to the problems that managers, and those responsible for the execution of projects, often face.
As a manager , you will have to make several decisions each day at work. What would help you to make the right decisions? Will it be your experience on the job, your sixth sense or hunch, or will you just hope for good luck? For sure, all of these will play a part after you have thoroughly investigated or researched the problem situation and generated some alternative solutions to choose from. Whether or not managers realize it, they are constantly engaged in research as they try to find solutions to the day-to-day problems, big and small, that confront them at work. Some of the issues are solved with relative ease, as when a machine on the shop floor stops working, and the foreman, with his past experience, hastens to do the necessary repair and gets it to run smoothly again. A few problems may present moderate difficulty, requiring some time and effort for the manager to investigate into and find a solution, as for example, when many employees absent themselves from work frequently. Yet other problems could be quite complex and the manager might proceed to seek the help of an ―expert researcher‖ to study the issue and offer solutions, as in the case of a company consistently incurring losses to the perplexity and dismay of everyone.
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